Scientific terminology,ศัพท์วิทยาศาสตร์16

Tarsal Bones: A.K.A. bones in your ankle.

Temporal Lobe: This is one of the four major subdivisions of the two hemispheres of your brain. Your temporal lobe is responsible for hearing, long-term memory, and behavior.

Tendinitis: Tendons are strong, fibrous tissues that connect muscle to bone. When your tendon swells and becomes sore we call it tendinitis. There are several causes of tendinitis. One of the biggest is overuse of your muscles. Not stretching properly is another cause of tendinitis. Flexibility is important in preventing tendinitis. Working out too hard can cause fibers in your tendon to tear. And wearing the wrong type shoes can stretch your achilles tendon, leading to achilles tendinitis.

Tendon: Connects muscle to bone.

Tennis Elbow: Tennis elbow or epicondylitis is inflammation of a tendon on the outside or inside of your

Testosterone: This is a male hormone. It stimulates bone and muscle growth and sexual development.

Thermogenesis: Thermogenesis means increased fat loss by raising the body's core temperature. Or increased calorie burn as a result of a faster metabolism. Unfortunately, there are not a plethora of products on the market that can cause these changes to occur. More specifically, when this term is applied to B vitamins and popular herb products, it is probably a scam.

Thrombus: This is a blood clot. It forms inside a blood vessel.

Throwing: It is not a women’s fault that she throws like a girl. An awkward looking overhand throw is not gender specific. It is all about training and experience. If you don’t believe me, try throwing with your non-dominant arm.

Tibialis Anterior: The muscle on the front of your shin.

Training Motivation: Get a healthy perspective. Make friends with your body. It deserves your kindness. Then, make better choices. Walk away from sedentary life. Include more physical activity and healthier foods into your day. Soon you’ll feel better both mentally and physically.

Trans fatty acid: Usually found in margarine, this is a fatty acid that has been hydrogenated.

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS): Chiropractors use this modality to decrease pain in their patients. It provides a low-voltage electrical current

Transverse Abdominis: Your transverse abdominis is beneath your obliques. It allows you to compress forcefully when you cough, sneeze, vomit, or use the restroom.

Trapezius: These are the muscles on your upper shoulder beside your neck.

Triceps: These are the muscles in the back of your upper arm.

Trigger point: A painful area to the touch, that when palpated, elicits pain elsewhere in your body. Locate a tender, nodular area within one of your muscles. This is called your trigger point. Gently massage it. Your goal is to restore normal, rich blood and oxygen flow to all parts your muscle. Trigger points strangulate areas of muscles, cutting off the normal nutrition and lifeline, compromising your muscles’ function.

Triglycerides: This is fat. It is made from three fatty-acid molecules and one glycerol molecule.

Trypsin: An enzyme that is secreted by the pancreas. It helps you to digest proteins.

Ulcer: An ulcer is an area of raw tissue, similar to the tissue found under the scab of a healing cut. Ulcers can occur in the stomach, or in the part of the intestine that drains food from the stomach.

Ulcerative Colitis: A form of inflammatory bowel disease. The inner layer of your colon wall is damaged. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, weight loss, and blood in the stool.

Ultrasound: An imaging technique used by doctors to view blood vessels and measure how fast blood is flowing. It uses high-frequency sound waves.

Ultrasound For Healing: Exercise makes your bones stronger. And so does ultrasound. Ultrasound puts a soundwave into your bone which creates a pressure against the bone. This causes the same stress and strengthening that exercise does.

Unsaturated fats: Fatty acids in which some of the hydrogen atoms in each molecule have been replaced by double bonds (see polyunsaturated fats and monounsaturated fats).

Upper/Lower Body Exercises: If you work your upper and lower body together as in a cross-country ski machine, your sympathetic nervous system kicks in, increasing your perceived exertion, making the exercise feel more difficult even though you may be burning the same amount of calories as doing a simple lower body cycling exercise.

Urethra: This is a tube that transports urine from your bladder out through the penis.

Varicose Veins: Varicose veins affect more women then men, and the problem increases with age. A valve incompetency causes a reversal of blood flow. This dilates your veins and causes loss of tissue tone. There is a loss of elasticity in the walls of the affected veins and their valves. Because of their inefficiency, blood may stagnate in the vein. The veins become swollen and twisted. This may lead to fatigue and aching in the affected area.

Vein: These are the vessels that carries blood back to your heart.

Vitamins: Vitamins assist chemical reactions in your body. There are 13 known vitamins: Four are fat-soluble-- A, D, E, and K-- which your body is able to store in amounts large enough to last for months. There are nine water-soluble vitamins-- C (ascorbic acid), and the B-complex vitamins--B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B6 (pyridoxine), B12, niacin, folic acid, biotin, and pantothenic acid. Your body needs replenishment of these vitamins regularly.

Vividness: The clarity of your mental picture during your imagery training.

Warm-up: Warm up before your martial arts training. Stretch afterwards. A warm up gives your joints a 5-10% increase in synovial fluid. Stretch after your workout when your muscles are thoroughly heated up.

White-Coat Hypertension: If you go to the doctor and your blood pressure is high, but when you take it at home it is normal, you might have white-coat hypertension.

Whooping Cough: Bordetella pertussis, is the bacteria that causes whooping cough. It is transmitted from an infected person who coughed or sneezed in your direction Pertussis invades your respiratory mucosa causing increased secretion of mucus. At first it is a thin layer. Later it becomes viscous, and is not easily moved. Whooping cough lasts about 6 weeks.

Yeast Infections: Most women get yeast infections at some time in their lives. A variety of microscopic organisms normally reside in the vagina. These includea yeast-like fungus Candida albicans. But taking antibiotics can kill off certain flora and leave Candida to go on a rampage. This leads to Candida vaginitis, or a yeast infection.

Zone Diet: A low carbohydrate, moderate protein, moderate fat diet in a ratio of 40% carbohydrates, 30% protein, and 30% fat. It has not been shown to benefit long term weight loss.

Scientific terminology,ศัพท์วิทยาศาสตร์15

Salivary Gland: This is where digestion begins. Your salivary gland is one of three pairs of glands that pour lubricating fluids into your mouth.

Sartorius: The longest muscle in your body. It crosses both your hip and your knee.

Saturated fats: A.K.A. “bad” fats. These are fatty acids, abundant in red meat, lard, butter, hard cheeses, and some vegetable oils (palm, coconut, and cocoa butter) and partially hydrogenated oils. Each molecule carries the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms.

Scapulae: A.K.A. shoulder blades.

Sciatica: Pain along the course of your sciatic nerve. This can be from your buttock, down the back and side of your leg, and into your foot and toes. It is often because of a herniated disk.

Sclera: A tough, protective coating of collagen and elastic tissue. This is the whites of your eyes.

Scoliosis: An abnormal lateral “S” curvature of the spine.

Shingles: Shingles, or herpes zoster, is a viral infection of sensory nerve cells caused by the same virus that causes chicken pox. The virus remains dormant after you have been exposed to chicken pox. The disease occurs most often in people over 50 years old. Shingles is characterized by pain along an affected nerve and its branches. There is an eruption of blisters over skin areas supplied by the nerve. A few days before the attack, you will feel intense pain in the affected area. Then painful and itchy blisters develop, normally lasting a week or two. These blisters eventually form crusty scabs and fall off.

Short Leg Syndrome: Do you have any symptoms that are exaggerated by running, such as low back pain, hip, knee, ankle or foot pain? Do you repeatedly pull the same muscles even though you have given them sufficient time to heal? Do you get shin splints and sciatica (inflammation of the sciatic nerve that produces pain in the buttocks and down the back of the leg)? If so, these may be symptoms of having one leg significantly shorter than the other.

Small Intestine: A section of your digestive system that includes your duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. It helps absorb nutrients for your body.

Soleus: The muscle underneath your calf muscle. It adds volume to your lower leg. It is made up of predominantly slow twitch muscle fibers.

some soaps.

Soy: Reduced risks of some diseases have been shown in populations that consume soy. Japanese and Chinese people have lower rates of heart disease and breast/prostate cancer than Americans. Soy may be a part of the explanation. Soy might also be of benefit to menopausal women.

Sphygmomanometer: A device used to measure blood pressure.

Spinal fusion: joining two or more vertebrae with a bone graft. This operation is performed in order to eliminate motion and relieve pain.

Spinal stenosis: A reduction in the size of your spinal canal. This may result in compression of your spinal cord or nerve roots.

Spinning: Group indoor stationary cycling.

Spinous process: These are the lever-like, backward projections from each of your vertebra. Muscles and ligaments attach to these.

Spondylolisthesis: Forward displacement of one of your vertebra in relation to a vertebra

immediately below.

Sprain: Damage to a ligament.

Starting A Program: Your body burns more calories sprinting than walking for the same time period. But begin easy. When you become more fit you can workout harder.

Static Stretching: Holding your stretch at a point of tension.

Stepper Machines: The speed that you step does not affect your caloric burn because the slower you go, the deeper you step.

Stomach: The hollow, saclike organ of your digestive system. It lies between your esophagus and duodenum. Your stomach stores and grinds food. It secretes acid and digestive juices that break down proteins, and pushes chyme into the small intestine.

Strain: Damage to a muscle or tendon.

Stress: Stress is the response of your body to any demand. Just staying alive creates demands on your body, so you are always under stress. Even while you sleep, your body continues to function. Stress cannot be avoided nor should it be. Stress is linked to problems like high blood pressure and heart disease. It also exacerbates headaches, backaches, and digestive troubles. Stress can make your body aches more painful, your queasy stomach more upset, or worsen any of your symptoms, no matter what the original cause.

Stretch reflex: When you stretch a muscle too hard or too fast, it will contract to protect itself.

Stretching: A combination of massage and stretching is the perfect medicine for tightened muscles after a workout. Use massage to relax your muscles. Now your muscle is prepared for recovery stretching. This keeps your muscles from tightening and shortens recovery time.

Stroke: A stroke is caused by a disturbance of the blood supply to your brain. The blood vessels that normally supply blood to your brain can become blocked. This results in not enough blood getting to your brain. A stroke may be caused by raised blood pressure, hardening of the arteries, or a severe head injury. The functional impairment that occurs with a stroke depends on the area of the brain that is damaged.

Substrate Cycling: Athletes adjust their voluminous training to their eating so that they can eat voraciously to make up for caloric loss, and workout again and eat, and workout….……

Superset: Working antagonist muscle groups consecutively.

Super-Slow Training: Performing a set of exercises where each repetition may last from 4 - 10 seconds. The goal is to recruit more muscle fibers.

Supine: A.K.A. lying on your back.

Supplements: If you are going to use supplements, they should be used in addition to an eating and exercise program, not in replacement of. As long as supplement companies claims their products are foods, their advertising is virtually unregulated. Be careful.

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS): One of two divisions of your autonomic nervous system. Your SNS prepares your body for action. Your blood pressure, heart and breathing rate increase to prepare for an emergency.

Synapse: A tiny space between an axon terminal that fires off a chemical signal and the neuron that receives it.

Systolic blood pressure: When you get your blood pressure taken, this is the number on top. It signifies the pressure in your arteries when your heart contracts.

Scientific terminology,ศัพท์วิทยาศาสตร์14

Quadratus Lomborum: Lower back muscles.

Quadriceps: A.K.A. thigh muscles. A group of four muscles: Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius.

R.I.C.E.: The "RICE" method helps you control pain and swelling. RICE lessens the side effects of an injury. RICE means rest, ice, compression, and elevation. Severe or persistent pain and continued swelling means it's time to seek medical attention.

Reaction time: From the moment you think about starting your movement, until your muscles take action.

Reciprocal Inhibition: When you contract a muscle group, the opposite muscle group (antagonist) automatically relaxes.

Rectum: This is the final segment of your gastrointestinal tract. It is located between your sigmoid colon and anus.

Rectus Abdominis: Your abdominals consist of several muscle groups. Your rectus abdominis is a long strap-like muscle extending from your lower-middle ribcage to your pubis. It lifts you into a sitting position each morning. It is your "six pack."

Regular exercise can help control high blood pressure. A few sessions of moderate physical activity each week can reduce blood pressure significantly, and at the same time, lower your risk of stroke and heart attack. If your blood pressure is just mildly elevated, exercise, along with a healthy diet, and stress management, may be enough to bring it down. If you require medication, exercise will probably make it more effective, and possibly allow you to lower the dosages with your doctors recommendation.

Relaxed Concentration: An alpha brain wave pattern where your mind and body are relaxed, but you are exquisitely focused on your task at hand.

Remodeling: Your body’s way of systematically removing old bone tissue and replacing it with new. This preserves the strength of your skeleton.

Rest-Pause: Pausing at the bottom of each repetition of your set for just an instant to recruit more muscle fibers.

Retina: The innermost layer of your eye. It converts light energy to electrical energy. It sends visual images to your brain through the connecting optic nerve.

Retinal Detachment: A condition in which the retina separates from the choroid. Often seen in boxers.

Rheumatoid Arthritis: Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory autoimmune disease. It can strike folks aged 30 to 40, but most frequently attacks people in their 50’s and 60’s. Rheumatoid arthritis is more common in women. It is more serious than osteoarthritis because it can assault other tissues in your body, not just your joints.

Rheumatologist: A doctor trained to diagnose and treat joints and other parts of the musculoskeletal system.

Rhomboids: These are the muscles between your shoulder blades. These muscles help you to keep your shoulders back.

Rolfing: The massage technique called rolfing was designed to fight the effects of gravity. Some folks with back and neck problems say it releases their tension and relieves their pain.

Rotator Cuff Muscles: Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.

Rotator Cuff: The rotator cuff is four muscles with a common tendon. Their function is to internally rotate(backhand in tennis) and externally rotate (throwing motion) your arm. Your rotator cuff is an important stabilizer of your shoulder during any throwing motion.

Rowing Machines: Novice rowers glide on the forward, eccentric, movement so that there is too much rest to provide an excellent training effect.

Rubella: A.K.A. german measles.

Scientific terminology,ศัพท์วิทยาศาสตร์13

Pancreas: A gland located behind your stomach It secretes digestive enzymes, notably insulin.

Pancreatitis: Inflammation of your pancreas.

Parasympathetic Nervous System: One of the two branches of your autonomic nervous system. It helps to regulate digestion, circulation, voiding, and other bodily functions.

Parathyroid Hormone: A hormone, made by four tiny pieces of tissue near your thyroid. It prevents your level of blood calcium from going to low.

Parietal Lobe: One of the four major subdivision of the two hemispheres of your brain. It is important in sensory processes and language.

Passive Stretching: Using a partner to take one of your limbs through a range of motion.

Patella: A.K.A. kneecap.

Pectorals: A.K.A. chest. These muscles include your pectoralis major and pectoralis minor.

Pepsin: A name for several enzymes secreted by your stomach. Their job is to break down protein.

Percutaneous diskectomy: A doctor removes part of your intervertebral disk. A narrow probe is inserted through the skin and muscle of your back.

Peripheral Vision: Side vision. This is what you can see outside of your direct line of vision.

Peristalsis: Muscles in your intestine move in a wave-like fashion to propel food along your digestive tract.

Peritonitis: Inflammation of the membrane lining your abdominal cavity.

Physiatrist: A medical doctor who is trained as a rehabilitation specialist.

Phytochemicals: Substances in fruits and vegetables that recently have been shown to fight cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Pilates: Pilates(puh-la-tease) is named after Joseph Pilates who developed it in Germany in the 1920s. It was a favorite exercise for dancers who wanted to strengthen their muscles and soothe their aches and strains. Now it's the rage among those burned out on regular weight training. Proponents of Pilates suggest that it lengthens and strengthens muscle, while improving balance and posture.

Placebo effect: A.K.A. sugar pill. Your condition improved. But whatever helped you wasn’t in the pill you were taking. From chromium picolinate to shark cartilage, people think more of supplements than they are worth. Folks swear to me the benefits of colloidal minerals and magnets. Benjamin Franklin painted blocks of wood black. People thought they were magnets. They slept with these blocks of wood because they believed magnets cured arthritis. Miraculously, they were healed. The blocks of wood worked!

Plaque: A fatty buildup of cholesterol, calcium, and other substances inside your blood vessels.

Platelets: Tiny,colorless disks in your blood that help your clotting mechanism.

Plyometrics: Makes use of your myotatic stretch reflex to pre-stretch your muscle prior to exploding through your designated range of motion.

Polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs): A.K.A. the good fats. These are fatty acids found in soybean, corn, cottonseed, safflower, and sunflower oils. Two or more pairs of hydrogen atoms in each molecule have been replaced by double bonds.

Presbyopia: A.K.A. farsightedness. This is the natural loss of your eye’s ability to focus on close objects. It becomes prevalent in people over 40 year old. But it can be corrected with reading glasses.

Process: Bony projections that emanate from each of your vertebra

Prone: A.K.A. lying on your tummy.

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF): A type of stretching where you take your partners limb through a passive stretch. When your partner feels tension in the muscle, he/she presses against you for 3 seconds. Then he/she relaxes and you once again attempt to move your partners limb a little deeper into the stretch. The purpose of PNF is to activate your golgi tendon organ to relax your muscle and provide for a further stretch.

Proprioceptive Training: A.K.A. balance training.

Prostate: A walnut-shaped gland positioned at the base of the male bladder.

Prostatitis: Prostatitis is an infection of the Prostate Gland. Symptoms include an aching pain in the area of the prostate. Pressure to the prostate gland is painful enough so that sitting may hurt. Other symptoms include trouble urinating, dribbling, and urinating often at night. Acute cases may be accompanied by fever.

Protein: Protein is made up of chains of amino acids. Your body can make some, but not others. Protein is essential for building and maintaining muscles. Protein also repairs muscle damage that occurs during training. Protein also helps to make red blood cells, produce hormones, boost your immune system, and help keep hair, fingernails, and skin healthy.

Pseudoephedrine: A decongestant drug.

Psoriasis: Psoriasis is a potentially disfiguring skin disease. It generally affects adolescents. It involves the sebaceous glands in the skin which secrete lubrication for hair follicles and the surrounding skin. These are located in greatest concentrations on the face, back, shoulders, and chest.

Pursed Lipped Breathing: Used to slow your exhalation by forming your lips as if you were whistling.

Scientific terminology,ศัพท์วิทยาศาสตร์12

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Your spouse may tell you that you stop breathing during sleep. OSA is characterized by heavy snoring and interrupted breathing during sleep. Many times people with OSA are

Occipital Lobe: This is one of the four major subdivisions of the two hemisphere of your brain. It is important for in visual perception.

Olecranon process: A.K.A. elbow.

Ophthalmologist: A doctor who is a specialist in eye disease.

Optimum Level Of Arousal: Not too bored or too anxious. At a perfect energy level for the activity you are performing.

Orbit: The bony socket that surround your eyeball.

Organic matrix: The protein structure found in bone tissue.

Osgood-Schlatters Disease (OSD): OSD is an inflammation where the tendon from the kneecap attaches to the shin bone. Teens are particularly susceptible to these stresses because the bones are growing rapidly. Any activity can cause OSD, but it's common in jumping and cutting, like basketball, volleyball, soccer, figure skating, and gymnastics.

Osteoarthritis: Osteoarthritis is in a word, wear-and-tear on your joints. It is a degenerative joint disease that usually affects people over the age of 45. Or it can affect you if you have suffered joint injuries.

Osteoblast: A bone-producing cell.

Osteoclast: A bone-destroying cell.

Osteomyelitis: Bone infection. Caused by fungi or bacteria.

Osteoporosis: Bone loading exercises prevent osteoporosis. These include resistance exercises such as squats and lunges to prevent the most common types of bone thinning problems in the spine, hips, and upper leg. It is never too soon to begin exercising to prevent osteoporosis. Remind your children that calcium formation is greatest between the ages of 9 and 20. Basketball and volleyball players scored the highest in bone density.

Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis is a thinning of your bones as you age. Your bones become more porous. Exercise is part of the treatment. As regular workouts build muscle, they also maintain and may even increase bone density. Older adults can strengthen their muscles and bones and improve their balance, thereby reducing their risk of falls and resulting fractures. For women, exercise works in combination with estrogen or other medications that increase bone density and strength. Exercise, medication, and proper diet fights osteoporosis more effectively together than any one treatment.

Osteoporosis: A degenerative disease that decreases bone density.

Overtraining: The same motivation that you have to train hard and perform well can get you into trouble.

Working too hard over a long period of time can cause overtraining. Overtraining hurts your performance and can cause sickness or injury. If you overtrain, you are out of balance. If your training program exceeds your rest time, you may be pushing your limits.

Scientific terminology,ศัพท์วิทยาศาสตร์11

Nerve paralysis: There are three major types of nerve destruction that cause paralysis. Children may be born with an incomplete nervous system, such as spina bifida. An accident may occur that destroys part of the nervous system. Or a disease may destroy nervous tissue.

Neurologist: A doctor trained to treat disorders of your brain and nervous system.

Neuron: A nerve cell.

Neurotransmitter: This is a chemical that is released by neurons at a synapse. It transmits information to other nerve cells.

Neutropenia: A low count of white blood cells.

Nickel Allergies: Is your new nose-ring an irritation? Can you no longer wear earrings without scratching and itching? Body piercing is probably responsible for the steep rise in allergies to nickel across the country.

Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes: A.K.A. adult onset diabetes. Often called Type II, it occurs mainly

after age 40. Your body produces insulin, but not enough to meet your needs. In most cases it can be controlled by diet, exercise, and weight loss.

Norepinephrine: This neurotransmitter constricts your blood vessels. It is released by your sympathetic nervous system.

Nucleus pulposus: This is the gel-like center of each of your intervertebral disks.

obese.

Scientific terminology,ศัพท์วิทยาศาสตร์10

Jejunum: This is the section of your small intestine between your duodenum and ileum.

Kid’s Weight Training: Running and jumping has the same effect on bones as weight training and neither seem to cause premature closure of epiphyseal bone plates.

Kyphosis: This is commonly called dowager’s hump and refers to an abnormal front-to-back curvature of your mid-to-upper spine. It can be the result of compression fractures of your vertebrae.

Lachrymal Gland: This is the gland that produces tears. It is located in the upper, outer section of your eye’s orbit.

Lactase: An enzyme in your intestine that breaks down lactose.

Lactose Intolerance: The inability of your body to absorb lactose. Drinking milk products causes gastrointestinal distress.

Lactose: A sugar. It is found in milk and dairy products.

Lamina: One of the two thin, platelike parts of each of your vertebra. They join in the midline and form the base of the spinous process of that vertebra.

Laminectomy: An operation in which all of, or a portion of one or both laminae is removed. The purpose of a laminectomy is to gain access to the spinal canal, or to decompress the spinal cord and nerve roots.

Lattisimus Dorsi: The long, wide muscle of your back. When it is developed, it takes the shape of wings.

LDL: Low-Density Lipoprotein. A.K.A. bad cholesterol. A type of cholesterol that is implicated in the development of atherosclerotic plaques.

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: A thickening of the wall of the left ventricle of your heart. Heavy weight training has been implicated in producing left ventricular hypertrophy.

Ligament: Connects bone to bone.

Limbic System: The part of your brain that contains your amygdala, hippocampus, and the basal ganglia. It affects emotion, memory, and certain aspects of movement.

Lipase: An enzyme that is secreted by your pancreas that helps digest fats.

Lipids: A.K.A. Fats, oils, and waxes. They serve as building blocks for cells or as energy sources for the body.

Lipoprotein analysis: When you get your cholesterol tested, always ask for a lipoprotein analysis. This laboratory test determines the relative levels of HDL and LDL in your blood.

Lipoproteins: These are protein covered fat particles. They enable cholesterol and triglycerides to move easily through your blood.

Liposuction: Liposuction is the surgical removal of fat cells and their contents. It is not a pretty procedure. Try an eating and exercise program first. After all else fails, and you cannot lose your saddlebags, and you have lost fat everywhere else, and you are obsessed about pinching more than an inch, you may be a candidate for liposuction. If you undergo liposuction to remove fat from your hips, but you continue to eat with reckless abandon, your fat stores will balloon somewhere else.

Liver: Not very tasty, but it is your body’s largest internal organ. It secretes bile and is part of many metabolic functions.

Low Back Pain: Females have a slightly greater incidence of low back pain than men because their pelvis’ tilt forward causing a more pronounced lordotic curve. Exercise helps to prevent low back pain by promoting calcium formation and increasing bone nutrition.

Low Carbohydrate Diets: Carbohydrate-bashing diets claim that carbos are bad because they increase blood sugar and cause insulin to be released. Supposedly this is a bad thing. Proponents of these diets say insulin causes high-carbohydrate foods to be stored as fat rather than used for energy. This is just not true!

Lumbar spine: A.K.A. lower back. This is the five lower vertebrae of your spine.

Lung Problems-Training: For maximum benefits, walk or pedal at a rate that raises your heart rate to 60% to 80% of its maximum, for 30 minutes, 3 days a week. It may take days, weeks, or months to reach that goal, or you may never get there at all. But that doesn’t matter. Your goal is to improve your ability to exercise. Any improvement is great. Lung patients may make tremendous gains. In 6 weeks, you might see a 70% to 80% improvement over your initial workouts.

Lunges: Lunges are great for training your glutes and thighs.

Lupus: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (S.L.E.) is a multi-symptom, multi-organ connective tissue disease that primarily affects women of child-bearing age. SLE tends to run in families. While no specific cause has been identified, there are thought to be many different triggers.

Lymph Nodes: These are glands that are part of your immune system. They help your body fight off disease.

Lymphoma: A malignant tumor of the lymph tissue.

Scientific terminology,ศัพท์วิทยาศาสตร์9

Ice-Heat Therapy: Ice is your first line of defense against injury. Heat is the second component. Heat will soften your tightened muscle and cause blood to flush the area. This enhances oxygen and nutrient delivery to your deprived and tightened muscle.

Idiopathic: Think of the word “idiot” on this one. Doctors often say it is idiopathic which means without a known cause.

Ileum: This is the section of your small intestine between your jejunum and the beginning of your large intestine.

Iliopsoas muscles: A.K.A. hip flexor. These two muscles are located on each side of your lumbar vertebrae and are attached to them. They are on the inside of your pelvis and are connected to your thigh bones. They help you to lift your knee.

Imagery: A psychological strategy designed to help you improve your physical performance.

Infarction: The death of cells due to lack of blood. Infarction is usually preceded by lack of oxygen (ischemia).

Inflammation: Inflammation is a process that occurs in response to a range of traumas from sunburn and wounds, to infection and auto-immune conditions. Whatever the cause, the process leads to warmth, redness, swelling, and pain.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are forms of inflammatory bowel disease. They bring along inflammation and sores in the large intestine. Symptoms include diarrhea, bloody stools, cramps and abdominal pain.

Insomnia: Insomnia, or sleeplessness may be caused by a variety of triggers. The key to successful treatment of insomnia is to find the cause and deal with it. Whether the cause is emotional, physical, or environmental (a snoring spouse), seek out the cause of your insomnia to uncover the cure.

Instructor Motivation: A group exercise leader can increase your motivation to burn an additional 2 calories per minute.

Insulin: A hormone produced by your pancreas. Insulin helps blood glucose (sugar) get into your cells.

Insulin-Dependent Diabetes: A.K.A. Type I or Juvenile onset diabetes. It usually appears before age 35. People with diabetes need insulin injections because their bodies have stopped producing it.

Intensity: How hard you work out.

Internal Obliques: Your internal obliques are beneath your external obliques. They form the shape of a roof top. Your right internal oblique turns you to the right. And your left internal oblique turns you to the left.

Intervertebral disk: A.K.A. the shock absorbers of your spine. They are small, energy-absorbing, sponge-like cushions located between the vertebrae of your spine.

Iris: Your iris shows whether you have brown, green, or blue eyes. It is the colored ring in front of your lens that controls the size of the pupil and how much light enters gets in.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome: There are a variety symptoms that can occur in this condition. They may include abdominal distress, erratic frequency of bowel movements, bloating, flatulence, and variability in stool consistency.

Ischemia: A dangerous decrease in the supply of blood to tissue. Ischemia is usually caused by atherosclerotic narrowing of the vessel.

Isokinetic: A cybex type of weight machine that uses a constant resistance as it takes your muscle through a full range of motion. These machines may be used for training, rehabilitation, and testing.

Isometric: Pushing against an immovable object. Your muscles contract but there is no movement.

Isotonic: Free weight training. Hoisting weights where the resistance remains the same, but gravity makes the exercises easier or more difficult through different ranges of motion.

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Half-Bench Squats: Don’t use a bench to rest on for half squats. Your stabilizer muscles in your spine relax forcing you to lose stability.

Hamstrings: The muscles on the back of your upper leg. It is made up of your semitendinosis,

semimembranosis, and biceps femoris.

HDL Cholesterol: There are two types of cholesterol, actually three. High density lipoproteins (HDL) - the good cholesterol, Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) - the bad cholesterol, and Very Low Density Lipoproteins(VLDL) - also bad guys.

Heart Failure: This is where your heart loses its ability to efficiently pump blood throughout body.

Heart Rate Training: Monitoring your heart rate while you perform anaerobic and aerobic training to reach certain heart rate levels.

Heartburn: Digestive juices usually follow gravity; they go down, not up. But if digestive juices go up, there is a problem. It’s called heartburn. Your throat feels on fire and there may be pressure under your ribs. It's not very pleasant, but it is common.

Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori): A spiral bacterium found at the surface of the stomach epithelium has recently been shown to be a major cause of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.

Hematuria: Hematuria or blood in your urine may be associated with a wide range of conditions. The bleeding will occur at a site of physical trauma, such as a stone cutting the tissue or bleeding from an infection. Your urine becomes red or brown in color. If the amount of blood is small it might not be noticed, but it can be detected by a number of simple tests.

Hemorrhagic Stroke: A type of stroke that occurs when a blood vessel ruptures. This cuts off the supply of oxygen and nutrition to parts of your brain. High blood pressure is the main cause of such strokes.

Hemorrhoids: Hemorrhoids are cushions of tissue that line your lower rectum. They serve to produce complete closure of your anal canal. Symptoms of hemorrhoids are bleeding, protrusion and pain.

Heparin: An anticoagulant drug that inhibits blood from clotting. It interferes with coagulation factors. Heparin is usually administered in the hospital either by an injection or an intravenous line.

Herniated disk: Very painful. A herniated disk is a displacement of some portion of one of your spinal disks out of its normal location.

Hiatal Hernia: Part of your stomach protrudes into your chest through an opening in your diaphragm.

High-Density-Lipoprotein (HDL): A.K.A. good cholesterol. HDL is a lipoprotein that protects the arteries by transporting cholesterol from body cells to the liver for elimination.

Hippocampus: A part of your brain’s limbic system that is involved in learning, memory, and emotion.

Histamine: A chemical present in specific cells throughout your body. It is a mediator of allergic reactions.

Holter Monitor: A portable device that you wear continuously to measure electrical activity of your heart.

Home Workout Machines: A machine can be well-made but still feel funny. Try the machine in the store. How does your lower back, joints, and muscles feel? Your seat should be comfortable during long exercise sessions. Bars or pull-handles should be padded and feel okay even after several minutes. How hard are the control knobs to adjust? Is the machine too noisy for your home?

Hormone therapy: Using drugs to keep male hormones such as testosterone from stimulating the growth of prostate cancer cells.

Hormone-Replacement Therapy (HRT): HRT augments a woman’s depleted hormones after she reaches menopause. HRT is a combination of estrogen and progesterone. The purpose of HRT is to reduce osteoporosis risk.

Hormones: These are chemical released from glands into your bloodstream. They affect organs or tissues elsewhere in your body.

Humerus: Upper arm bone.

Hydrogen Breath Test: A diagnostic test for carbohydrate malabsorption. The test measures the amount of hydrogen in your exhaled breath.

Hydrogenation: Check the ingredients on the wrapper of your candy bar for the word “hydrogenated.” Hydrogenation means the addition of hydrogen to a substance. It makes unsaturated oils and soft fats hard.

Hyperglycemia: This is a measure of high levels of glucose (sugar) in your blood.

Hyperlipidemia: A measure of high levels of blood fats (lipids).

Hypertension: A.K.A. high blood pressure. High blood pressure is a major risk factor for stroke. Hypertension causes excess stress on the walls of your blood vessels and damages their delicate inner lining.

Hyperthyroidism: Overactivity of your thyroid gland is called hyperthyroidism. It may be caused by a

Hypertrophy: A.K.A. muscle growth.

Hypothyroidism: Hypothyroidism is an under activity of your thyroid. It results in too little production of thyroid hormone. Although hypothyroidism may be caused by a variety of diseases that affect the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, this condition is usually due to disorders of the thyroid gland itself.